Isikhathi Sokubuka Kwamakhompyutha Kwezingane: Lokhu Okucwaningwayo Okukhuluma Ngakho

"Kangaki isikhathi sokubuka esingaphezu kwemigomo efanele yabantwana?" ingenye yezindaba ezifunwa kakhulu ngabazali eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Imibuzo ivame ukuhlanganiswa ezindaweni ezimbili ezingasizi: imihlahlandlela eqinile ("ngaphansi kweminyaka emibili, akukho nhlobo; eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemihlanu, ihora elilodwa") ngaphandle kokuchazwa kokuthi kungani, noma ukuqinisekiswa okungathathi hlangothi ("kuncike kokuhlangenwe nakho") ngaphandle kokuhola okusebenzayo.

Isayensi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho — futhi iyasebenza. Nansi okukhombisa ubufakazi ngempela mayelana nokuthi izikrini zithinta kanjani ubuchopho obukhulayo, ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu, nokuthi abazali bangakwenza kanjani lokho ngokweqiniso.

Kungani ubuchopho obukhulayo buhlukile

Ukukhathazeka ngama-screen ezinganeni akukhona nje ngezinsuku — kukhuluma ngalokho okukhishwa isikhathi sokubuka izikrini nokuthi kuhambisana kanjani nokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho ezigabeni ezithile.

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho kusukela ezinsukwini zokuzalwa kuze kube sebulilini kubonakala nge-plasticity esekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho: ukuxhumana kwemithambo ye-neural kudalwa, kuqiniswa, noma kuphuthwa ngokuya ngokuqhubeka okuthola ubuchopho. Ukufunda ulimi kuncike ekuxhumaneni ngqo, hhayi ezwakalayo kuphela. Umsebenzi wezokuphatha uthuthukiswa ngokudlala okukhuluma ngokulinda, ukuzilawula, nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ukuqonda kwabantu kuthuthukiswa ngokufunda ukubonakaliswa kwabantu, ukuhamba ezinkingeni, nokuphatha ubudlelwano ngesikhathi sangempela.

Izikrini azikho ezingenakuthinta isikhathi. Zihlinzeka ngokuqhubeka okuthile futhi zishintshe ezinye. Lokhu okukhuluma ngakho — nokuthi zishintshe ini — yikho okukhomba umphumela wazo ekuthuthukiseni.

Lokhu ubufakazi bukhombisa, ngonyaka

Ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziyi-18. Okutholakele okuqine kakhulu kukule minyaka. Ukuchayeka kakhulu ezikrinini zisencane kuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthuka kancane kolimi (Zimmerman et al., 2007; Tomopoulos et al., 2010), kanti i-TV engemuva — isikrini esivuliwe egumbini noma ingane ibukele noma cha — yehlisa indlela abazali abakhuluma ngayo nengane yabo, okuyinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulimi zisencane. Umthelela mkhulu ngokwanele: ocwaningweni olwabhala umsindo wasekhaya usuku lonke, ihora ngalinye elengeziwe le-TV elizwakalayo lalihlotshaniswa cishe namagama abantu abadala angaphansi ngo-770 (Christakis et al., 2009).

Ividiyo yokuxhumana (i-FaceTime, izingcingo zevidiyo nomuntu ophendulayo) iyisibonelo esibhalwe phansi sokucwaninga ngama-skrini angaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 — izingane zingafunda ulimi kuyo ngoba igcina ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo, ophendulayo okukhuthaza ukufunda ulimi. Ividiyo engasebenzi ayikwazi ukukopisha lokhu.

Iminyaka engu-2–5. Okutholakala ngokuvumelana kakhulu kule minyaka ukuxhumana phakathi kokuqukethwe okuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu nomsebenzi wokuhlela nokuzilawula. Ucwaningo oluyingqophamlando lwango-2011 olwenziwa uLillard noPeterson lwathola ukuthi imizuzu eyisishiyagalolunye kuphela yokubuka okuqukethwe okushesha kakhulu (ucwaningo lusebenzisa uSpongeBob SquarePants) kwehlise kakhulu ukusebenza kwezingane ezineminyaka emi-4 emisebenzini yokuzilawula uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwezemfundo oluhamba kancane noma ukudweba. Umphumela wawungelesikhashana, kanti ucwaningo olulandelayo lwaphakamisa ukuthi okuqukethwe okunesimanga, hhayi ijubane lodwa, kungase kube yikho okukudalayo (Lillard et al., 2015). Noma kunjalo, okuthiwa izingane ezincane zikubuke kubalulekile, hhayi ubude besikhathi kuphela.

Okuqukethwe kancane, okuxhumana, okuhlakaniphile — lapho ingane iphonswa khona ukuthi iphendule, ibize izinto, noma ibikezela imiphumela — kukhiqiza imiphumela ehlukene. Ukuhlanganyela nabazali ababuza imibuzo futhi baxhumanise okuqukethwe nezinto zangempela kuthuthukisa kokubili ukuqonda nokudluliswa kolwazi.

Iminyaka 6–12. Ezinganeni ezindala, ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kuyashintsha. Ubufakazi bokusebenza kwezemfundo buhluke — ezinye izifundo zithola ubudlelwano obubi nesikhathi sokubuka; ezinye, ikakhulukazi zokuhlangenwe nakho kwezemfundo nokudlala okulinganiselwe, zithola ukuthi akukhona umthelela omkhulu noma izinzuzo ezincane. Umbono wokufaka esikhundleni uvame ukwesekwa: isikhathi sokubuka esithatha indawo yokulala nokuzivocavoca kukhiqiza imiphumela emibi; isikhathi sokubuka esingathathi, asibuhlungu kangako.

Ukuphazamiseka kokulala kuyona indlela enobufakazi obuningi kakhulu. Amadivayisi asegunjini lokulala — ikakhulukazi lawo athumela izaziso — ahlotshaniswa nesikhathi sokulala esifushane, ukulala sekwephuzile, kanye nekhwalithi yokulala embi. Njengoba ukulala kubalulekile ekufundeni, ekulawuleni imizwa, nasekukhuleni kwezingane, le ndlela inobaluleka obukhulu ekuthuthukisweni.

Ubuntsha. Ubuchopho bentsha busesigabeni sesibili esikhulu sokuthuthuka: i-prefrontal cortex iyaqhubeka ivuthwa kuze kube seminyakeni yama-20, kuyilapho amasistimu omvuzo nokuhlola ukwamukelwa komphakathi esebenza kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kudala ukuba sengozini ethile emklamweni wezokuxhumana komphakathi: imivuzo engaguquguquki (izaziso zokuthandwa nokuphawula), ukuziqhathanisa nabanye, kanye nokwesaba ukukhishwa ngaphandle konke kuhambisana nokuzwela kobuchopho bentsha ngezindlela ezingafani nezabantu abadala.

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinkundla zokuxhumana kuhlotshaniswa kaningi nokwanda kokudangala nokukhathazeka entsheni, ikakhulukazi emantombazaneni (Kelly et al., 2018). uHaidt noTwenge bakhomba ukwanda okukhulu kwezinkinga zempilo yengqondo entsheni kuqala cishe ngo-2012, lapho ama-smartphone esesabalele kakhulu e-US. Kodwa emadatheni amakhulu, ukuhlotshaniswa okujwayelekile kuncane (Orben & Przybylski, 2019), isiqondiso sokuthi yini edala yini sisaxoxwa, kanti izivivinyo lapho abantu benciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana zibe nemiphumela ehlukene: ezinye zithola isimo sengqondo esingcono (Hunt et al., 2018), ezinye azishintshi lutho. Isifinyezo esithembekile: ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kuwuphawu lwengozi okufanele kuthathwe ngokungathi sína, ikakhulukazi emantombazaneni nakubasha asebevele benezinkinga.

Lokhu okuqondisiwe kulungile — futhi okungalungile

Imihlahlandlela ye-American Academy of Pediatrics (akukho ama-skrini ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngevidiyo; ihora elilodwa lehlelo oluhle lwezingane ezineminyaka engu-2–5; imikhawulo eqinile kubantu abangu-6 naphezulu) isekelwe ocwaningweni olukhuluma ngenhla. Ziyazwakala njengemihlahlandlela ejwayelekile kodwa zinezinselelo ezimbili.

Okokuqala, ziphatha isikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-skrini sonke njengokufana lapho kungafani. Ukubuka okuzenzakalelayo okuqukethwe okusheshayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo ezisebenzisanayo, izingcingo zevidiyo nabazali, kanye ne-Minecraft nomngane kuyimisebenzi ehlukene enezincazelo ezihlukene zokukhula. Ukuhlela wonke amahora ngaphansi komkhawulo ofanayo kuphutha indlela.

Okwesibili, azikhulumi ngalokho okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-skrini — okubalulekile njengokuthi zingaki. Ukusebenzisa ama-skrini ngaphambi kokulala kuthinta ukulala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-skrini sonke sikhulu kangakanani. Ama-skrini ngesikhathi sokudla akhipha ingxoxo phakathi kwabazali nezingane. Isikhathi nendawo yokusebenzisa kuthinta imiphumela njengokuthi isikhathi sonke.

Okubalulekile: uhlaka olusebenzayo

Vikela ubuthongo ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto. Akukho zinsiza ezikamelweni zokulala phakathi kobusuku. Akukho zikhala emzuzwini owodwa ngaphambi kokulala (kwabantwana besikole naphezulu). Le shintsho eyodwa inobufakazi obuphindaphindiwe obungcono kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokunciphisa isikhathi sokubuka — futhi imiphumela yayo emihle emoyeni, ekufundeni, nasekuziphatheni ibalulekile.

Vikela umsebenzi wezokwelapha nokudlala okungahlelwanga. Ubulukhuni obuvela ngesikhathi sokubuka ezinsukwini ezindala kakhulu buhamba kakhulu ngokushintshwa kwalezi zinto. Izingane ezihlangabezana nezimfuneko zomsebenzi wezokwelapha futhi zithola isikhathi esanele sokuphuma zikhombisa ukungabi nempikiswano emibi ngesikhathi sokubuka okuphakathi. Inhloso akukhona ukunciphisa isikhathi sokubuka kuphela — kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezibalulekile aziphazamiseki.

Hlanganyela futhi wenze kube nomdlandla. Ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane, ukuba khona kokuba nobaba noma umama ophumelelayo ophendula imibuzo, enza izixhumanisi, futhi ephendula ingane kushintsha ukubuka okungabandakanyi kube yinto ethokozisayo. "Ucabangani ukuthi kuzokwenzekani okulandelayo?" kanye "Sikubone lokho epakini, akunjalo?" kuyizinyathelo ezincane ezinezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni.

Dala izimo ezingenamadivayisi, hhayi amahora kuphela. Ukudla, ukuhamba ngemoto, nezinsuku zokuqala ezingama-30 emva kwesikole yizikhathi ezibalulekile zokuxoxa nokuxhumana. Ukuvikela lezi zimo kukhiqiza izinzuzo ezithembekile kakhulu kunezikhawu ezijwayelekile zokubuka isikrini.

Kubantu abasakhula: libazisa ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, hhayi nje ukubeka umkhawulo wesikhathi. Ucwaningo ngempilo yengqondo yentsha lucacile ngokwanele ukusekela ukubambezela ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana — ikakhulukazi ama-feed aqhutshwa ama-algorithm — kunokumane kuncishiswe amahora. Intsha izwela kakhulu impendulo yomphakathi nokuziqhathanisa, okuyikhona kanye okwandiswa yilawa ma-feed.

Ukulinganisa kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho okucabanga khona abazali abaningi

Ucwaningo oluthile luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwefoni ngabazali ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nezingane kuhambisana nokuncipha kokuphendula nokwanda kwezicelo zokunakwa ezinganeni — isimo esibikezela ukungazilawuli kahle ezinganeni. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi lokho izingane ezibona ngendlela abantu abadala bephatha ngayo amadivayisi kuthinta ubudlelwano bazo nabo.

Okubalulekile kakhulu: imikhuba yasekhaya ebalulekile ayikho nje imithetho mayelana nesikhathi sokubuka kwezingane kodwa imodeli engaqondile yokuthi abadala basebenzisa kanjani amadivayisi abo — ikakhulukazi ukuthi abadala bakhona ngempela ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nomndeni noma baphatha ingxoxo yeselula ehlangene.

Sources

1. Zimmerman, F.J., et al. (2007). Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. Journal of Pediatrics, 151(4), 364–368.
2. Orben, A., & Przybylski, A.K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173–182.
3. Hunt, M.G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751–768.
4. Lillard, A.S., & Peterson, J. (2011). The immediate impact of different types of television on young children's executive function. Pediatrics, 128(4), 644–649.
5. Tomopoulos, S., et al. (2010). Infant media exposure and toddler development. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(12), 1105–1111.
6. Twenge, J.M., & Haidt, J. (2018). This is our chance to pull teenagers out of the smartphone trap. The New York Times.
7. American Academy of Pediatrics (2016). Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.
8. Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50–58.
9. Christakis, D.A., Gilkerson, J., Richards, J.A., Zimmerman, F.J., et al. (2009). Audible television and decreased adult words, infant vocalizations, and conversational turns: A population-based study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(6), 554–558.
10. Lillard, A.S., Drell, M.B., Richey, E.M., Boguszewski, K., & Smith, E.D. (2015). Further examination of the immediate impact of television on children's executive function. Developmental Psychology, 51(6), 792–805.
11. Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2018). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59–68.

Indlela esicwaninga futhi sibuyekeze ngayo lokhu