Isikhathi Sokubuka Kwamakhompyutha Kwezingane: Lokhu Okucwaningwayo Okukhuluma Ngakho

"Kangaki isikhathi sokubuka amakhompyutha sithathwa njengokweqile kwezingane?" ingenye yezinkinga ezifunwa kakhulu ngabazali eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Imibuzo ivame ukuhlanganiswa ezindaweni ezimbili ezingasizi: imihlahlandlela eqinile ("ngaphansi kwamabili, akukho nhlobo; amabili kuya kwezintathu, ihora elilodwa") ngaphandle kokuchazwa, noma ukuqinisekiswa okungakhathalekile ("kuncike kokuhlangenwe nakho") ngaphandle kokuhola okusebenzayo.

Isayensi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho — futhi iyasebenza. Nansi okukhombisa ubufakazi ngempela mayelana nokuthi izikrini zithinta kanjani ubuchopho obukhulayo, ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu, nokuthi abazali bangakwenza kanjani lokho ngokweqiniso.

Kungani ubuchopho obukhulayo buhlukile

Ukukhathazeka ngama-screen ezinganeni akukhona nje ngezinsuku — kukhuluma ngalokho okukhishwa isikhathi sokubuka izikrini nokuthi kuhambisana kanjani nokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho ezigabeni ezithile.

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho kusukela ezinsukwini zokuzalwa kuze kube sebulilini kubonakala nge-<em>plasticity esekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho</em>: ukuxhumana kwemithambo ye-neural kudalwa, kuqiniswa, noma kuphuthwa ngokuya ngokuqhubeka okuthola ubuchopho. Ukufunda ulimi kuncike ekuxhumaneni ngqo, hhayi ezwakalayo kuphela. Umsebenzi wezokuphatha uthuthukiswa ngokudlala okukhuluma ngokulinda, ukuzilawula, nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ukuqonda kwabantu kuthuthukiswa ngokufunda ukubonakaliswa kwabantu, ukuhamba ezinkingeni, nokuphatha ubudlelwano ngesikhathi sangempela.

Izikrini azikho ezingenakuthinta isikhathi. Zihlinzeka ngokuqhubeka okuthile futhi zishintshe ezinye. Lokhu okukhuluma ngakho — nokuthi zishintshe ini — yikho okukhomba umphumela wazo ekuthuthukiseni.

Lokhu ubufakazi bukhombisa, ngonyaka

<strong>Ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18.</strong> Imiphumela eqinile kakhulu itholakala kulolu suku. Izifundo eziningi (kuhlanganise ne-Zimmerman et al., 2007; Tomopoulos et al., 2010) zikhombisa ukuthi ithelevishini engemuva — ama-skrini avuliwe egumbini kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingane ibukela noma cha — yehlisa inani kanye nekhwalithi yokuxhumana phakathi kwabazali nezingane, okuyinto eyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni ulimi kusenesikhathi. Usayizi womphumela ubalulekile: ngalinye ihora le-TV engemuva, ukuxhumana kwabazali nezingane kwehla ngaphezu kwamazwi angama-770 kanye nezwi eziyi-30.

Ividiyo yokuxhumana (i-FaceTime, izingcingo zevidiyo nomuntu ophendulayo) iyisibonelo esibhalwe phansi sokucwaninga ngama-skrini angaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 — izingane zingafunda ulimi kuyo ngoba igcina ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo, ophendulayo okukhuthaza ukufunda ulimi. Ividiyo engasebenzi ayikwazi ukukopisha lokhu.

<strong>Iminyaka engu-2–5.</strong> Umphumela ohlangene kakhulu kulolu suku uhlanganisa okuqukethwe okusheshayo nokusebenza kwe-executive. Ucwaningo olukhulu lwango-2011 olwenziwe nguLillard noPeterson lwathola ukuthi imizuzu eyisishiyagalolunye yokubuka ama-cartoon asheshayo (ucwaningo lusebenzisa i-SpongeBob SquarePants) yehlisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwezingane ezineminyaka engu-4 emisebenzini ye-executive uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwezemfundo olusheshayo noma ukudweba. Umsebenzi uhlanganisa ukuphazamiseka: okuqukethwe okusheshayo kuvikela ubuchopho ekukhuthazeni okusheshayo, kunciphisa okwamanje amandla okugcina, ukuzimela okudingekayo emisebenzini ye-executive.

Okuqukethwe kancane, okuxhumana, okuhlakaniphile — lapho ingane iphonswa khona ukuthi iphendule, ibize izinto, noma ibikezela imiphumela — kukhiqiza imiphumela ehlukene. Ukuhlanganyela nabazali ababuza imibuzo futhi baxhumanise okuqukethwe nezinto zangempela kuthuthukisa kokubili ukuqonda nokudluliswa kolwazi.

<strong>Iminyaka 6–12.</strong> Ezinganeni ezindala, ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kuyashintsha. Ubufakazi bokusebenza kwezemfundo buhluke — ezinye izifundo zithola ubudlelwano obubi nesikhathi sokubuka; ezinye, ikakhulukazi zokuhlangenwe nakho kwezemfundo nokudlala okulinganiselwe, zithola ukuthi akukhona umthelela omkhulu noma izinzuzo ezincane. Umbono wokufaka esikhundleni uvame ukwesekwa: isikhathi sokubuka esithatha indawo yokulala nokuzivocavoca kukhiqiza imiphumela emibi; isikhathi sokubuka esingathathi, asibuhlungu kangako.

Ukuphuma kokulala kuyindlela eqinisekisiwe kakhulu. Izinsiza ezikamelweni zokulala — ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhiqiza izaziso — zixhunyaniswa nesikhathi sokulala esifushane, isikhathi sokulala esibambezeleke, kanye nekhwalithi yokulala engcono. Njengoba ukulala kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuhlanganiswa kolwazi, ukulawula imizwa, kanye nokukhululwa kwe-hormone yokukhula ezinganeni, le ndlela inendima enkulu ekukhuleni.

<strong>Ubushumayeli.</strong> Ubuchopho bobusha bukhona esikhathini sesibili sokuthuthukiswa: i-prefrontal cortex isaqhubeka nokukhula (ingakabi ne-myelination ngokuphelele kuze kube eminyakeni engama-20), kanti izinhlelo zokreward kanye nezokuhlola zomphakathi zisebenza kakhulu. Le nhlanganisela idala ubungozi obuthile kumklamo wezokuxhumana: izinhlelo zokreward ezihlukahlukene (njengezaziso zokuthi uthandwa/uphenduliwe), ukuqhathaniswa komphakathi, kanye nokwesaba kokuhlukumezeka konke kuhlobene nezimo zokusebenza kobuchopho bobusha ngendlela ezingahambisani ngayo nabantu abadala.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokuxhumana nokudangala kanye nokukhathazeka kubantu abasha — ikakhulukazi amantombazane — buwumphumela ophindaphindiwe kakhulu ocwaningweni lwakamuva lokuthuthukiswa. Umsebenzi kaHaidt noTwenge ubhala ngokuqinile ukuguquguquka kwezimfanelo zempilo yengqondo yabantu abasha kusukela ngo-2012, kuhambisana nokungena kwe-smartphone okudlula u-50% e-US. Umkhawulo wokubangela usakhuluma, kodwa ukuxhumana kuqinile, futhi izifundo zokuhlola (lapho ababambiqhaza behlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana) zikhombisa ukuthuthuka okujwayelekile kwemizwa.

Lokhu okuqondisiwe kulungile — futhi okungalungile

Imihlahlandlela ye-American Academy of Pediatrics (akukho ama-skrini ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngevidiyo; ihora elilodwa lehlelo oluhle lwezingane ezineminyaka engu-2–5; imikhawulo eqinile kubantu abangu-6 naphezulu) isekelwe ocwaningweni olukhuluma ngenhla. Ziyazwakala njengemihlahlandlela ejwayelekile kodwa zinezinselelo ezimbili.

Okokuqala, ziphatha isikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-skrini sonke njengokufana lapho kungafani. Ukubuka okuzenzakalelayo okuqukethwe okusheshayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo ezisebenzisanayo, izingcingo zevidiyo nabazali, kanye ne-Minecraft nomngane kuyimisebenzi ehlukene enezincazelo ezihlukene zokukhula. Ukuhlela wonke amahora ngaphansi komkhawulo ofanayo kuphutha indlela.

Okwesibili, azikhulumi ngalokho <em>okwenziwa</em> ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-skrini — okubalulekile njengokuthi zingaki. Ukusebenzisa ama-skrini ngaphambi kokulala kuthinta ukulala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-skrini sonke sikhulu kangakanani. Ama-skrini ngesikhathi sokudla akhipha ingxoxo phakathi kwabazali nezingane. Isikhathi nendawo yokusebenzisa kuthinta imiphumela njengokuthi isikhathi sonke.

Okubalulekile: uhlaka olusebenzayo

<strong>Vikela ubuthongo ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto.</strong> Akukho zinsiza ezikamelweni zokulala phakathi kobusuku. Akukho zikhala emzuzwini owodwa ngaphambi kokulala (kwabantwana besikole naphezulu). Le shintsho eyodwa inobufakazi obuphindaphindiwe obungcono kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokunciphisa isikhathi sokubuka — futhi imiphumela yayo emihle emoyeni, ekufundeni, nasekuziphatheni ibalulekile.

<strong>Vikela umsebenzi wezokwelapha nokudlala okungahlelwanga.</strong> Ubulukhuni obuvela ngesikhathi sokubuka ezinsukwini ezindala kakhulu buhamba kakhulu ngokushintshwa kwalezi zinto. Izingane ezihlangabezana nezimfuneko zomsebenzi wezokwelapha futhi zithola isikhathi esanele sokuphuma zikhombisa ukungabi nempikiswano emibi ngesikhathi sokubuka okuphakathi. Inhloso akukhona ukunciphisa isikhathi sokubuka kuphela — kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezibalulekile aziphazamiseki.

<strong>Hlanganyela futhi wenze kube nomdlandla.</strong> Ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane, ukuba khona kokuba nobaba noma umama ophumelelayo ophendula imibuzo, enza izixhumanisi, futhi ephendula ingane kushintsha ukubuka okungabandakanyi kube yinto ethokozisayo. "Ucabangani ukuthi kuzokwenzekani okulandelayo?" kanye "Sikubone lokho epakini, akunjalo?" kuyizinyathelo ezincane ezinezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni.

<strong>Dala izimo ezingenamadivayisi, hhayi amahora kuphela.</strong> Ukudla, ukuhamba ngemoto, nezinsuku zokuqala ezingama-30 emva kwesikole yizikhathi ezibalulekile zokuxoxa nokuxhumana. Ukuvikela lezi zimo kukhiqiza izinzuzo ezithembekile kakhulu kunezikhawu ezijwayelekile zokubuka isikrini.

<strong>Kwentsha: phuza ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, hhayi nje ukuklimited.</strong> Ucwaningo ngempilo yengqondo yentsha lukhona ngokwanele ukuze kusekelwe ukuhamba phambili kokufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana — ikakhulukazi ezokuxhumana eziholwa ama-algorithms — kunokunciphisa amahora kuphela. Izindlela (ukuklomelisa okungaguquguquki, ukuqhathaniswa komphakathi, ukwesaba kokuhlukumezeka) ziba nezinkinga kakhulu esigabeni se-neurological sentsha kunanoma iyiphi enye isikhathi sokuphila.

Ukulinganisa kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho okucabanga khona abazali abaningi

Ucwaningo oluthile luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwefoni ngabazali ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nezingane kuhambisana nokuncipha kokuphendula nokwanda kwezicelo zokunakwa ezinganeni — isimo esibikezela ukungazilawuli kahle ezinganeni. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi lokho izingane ezibona ngendlela abantu abadala bephatha ngayo amadivayisi kuthinta ubudlelwano bazo nabo.

Okubalulekile kakhulu: imikhuba yasekhaya ebalulekile ayikho nje imithetho mayelana nesikhathi sokubuka kwezingane kodwa imodeli engaqondile yokuthi abadala basebenzisa kanjani amadivayisi abo — ikakhulukazi ukuthi abadala bakhona ngempela ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nomndeni noma baphatha ingxoxo yeselula ehlangene.

Sources

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